Cancer risk factors is a concept and research area within oncology, epidemiology, and public health focused on identifying and characterizing factors statistically associated with an increased probability of developing cancer. This field systematically investigates a broad spectrum of potential determinants, including genetic predispositions, lifestyle behaviors, environmental exposures, occupational hazards, infectious agents, and medical conditions. Research in this area employs diverse methodologies, primarily epidemiological studies, to establish correlations and, where possible, causal relationships, often classifying factors as modifiable or non-modifiable. Understanding cancer risk factors is fundamental for developing effective cancer prevention strategies, informing public health policies, guiding early detection programs, and advancing personalized risk assessment.